Soil layers, also known as soil horizons, are distinct layers of soil that are formed over time through the weathering and decomposition of rocks and organic materials. These layers can vary in thickness, composition, and characteristics depending on factors such as climate, vegetation, and geological processes. There are typically three main layers in a soil profile: topsoil (A horizon), subsoil (B horizon), and parent material (C horizon). The topsoil is the uppermost layer and is rich in organic matter and nutrients, making it the most fertile layer for plant growth. The subsoil lies beneath the topsoil and contains clay, minerals, and nutrients leached from the topsoil. The parent material is the bedrock or unweathered material from which the soil originated. By studying soil layers, researchers can gain valuable insights into the past environmental conditions, land use practices, and soil formation processes. Understanding the characteristics and properties of soil layers is crucial for sustainable land management, agriculture, and environmental conservation efforts.